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📜读史札记

咸丰帝罢免穆彰阿
咸丰帝罢免穆彰阿
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道光三十年十月二十八日 颁朱笔罪穆彰阿耆英
2023年2月26日17时06分
2023年2月26日18时07分

史料

道光三十年十月二十八日,即五月初三日下颁起用林则徐上谕后之五月,帝朱谕在廷诸王大臣曰:

任贤去邪,诚人君之首务也!去邪不断,则任贤不专。方今天下因循废坠,可谓极矣!吏治日坏,人心日浇,是朕之过。然献替可否,匡朕不逮,则二三大臣之职也!穆彰阿身任大学士,受累朝知遇之恩,不思其难其慎,同德同心,乃保位贪荣,妨贤病国,小忠小信,阴柔以售其奸;伪学伪才,揣摩以逢主意。从前夷务之兴,穆彰阿倾排异己,深堪痛恨。如达洪阿姚莹之尽忠宣力,有碍于己,必欲陷之;耆英之无耻丧良,同恶相济,尽力全之;似此之固宠窃权者不可枚举。 我皇考大公至正,惟知以诚心待人,穆彰阿得以肆行无忌;若使圣明早烛其奸,则必立真重典,断不姑容,穆彰阿恃恩益纵,始终不悛,自本年正月朕亲政之初,遇事模棱,缄口不言;迨数月后则渐施其伎俩,如英船至天津,伊犹欲引耆英为腹心,以遂其谋,欲使天下群黎复遭涂炭,其心阴险,实不可问。潘世恩等保林则徐,伊屡言林则徐柔弱病躯,不堪录用,及朕派林则徐驰往粤西剿办土匪,穆彰阿又屡言林则徐未知能去否,伪言荧惑,使朕不知外事,其罪实在于此。 至若耆英之自外生成,畏葸无能,殊深诧异,伊前在广东时惟抑民以奉夷,罔顾国家,如进城之说,非明验乎?上乖天道,下逆人情,几至变生不测。赖我皇考烱悉其伪,速令来京;然不即予罢斥亦必有待也。今年耆英于召对时数言及如何可畏,如何必应事周旋,欺朕不知其奸,欲常保禄位;是其丧尽天良,愈辩愈彰,直同狂吠,尤不足惜,穆彰阿暗而难知,耆英显而易著。 然贻害国家,厥罪惟均。若不立中国法,何以肃纲纪而正人心?又何以使朕不负皇考付托之重欤?第念穆彰阿系三朝旧臣,若一旦寘之重法,朕心实有不忍;著从宽革职,永不叙用,耆英虽无能已极,然究属迫于时势,亦著从宽降为五品顶带以六部员外郎候补。 至伊二人行私罔上,乃天下所共见者,朕不为已甚,姑不深问办。此事朕熟思审度,计之久矣,实不得已之苦衷,尔诸臣其共凉之! 嗣后京内外大小文武各官,务当激发天良,公忠体国,俾平素因循巧取之积习,一旦悚然改悔。毋畏难毋苟安,凡有益于国计民生诸大端者,直陈勿隐,毋得仍顾师生之谊,援引之恩,守正不阿,靖共尔位。 朕实有厚望焉!布告中外。咸使知朕意。

——节自吴相湘 《晚清宫廷实纪》,北京:中国大百科全书出版社,2009.12,第2-3页
——《颁朱笔罪穆彰阿耆英》

出处考

《清实录》文宗朝第20卷有此段资料
王先谦与朱寿朋之《东华续录(咸丰朝)》,咸丰五也有记载

基本解读

咸丰罢免了穆彰阿与耆英,理由是“保位贪荣,妨贤病国”
其它罪状:

  • “倾排异己,深堪痛恨”:如达洪阿姚莹之尽忠宣力,有碍于己,必欲陷之;耆英之无耻丧良,同恶相济,尽力全之
  • “遇事模棱,缄口不言”:如英船至天津,伊犹欲引耆英为腹心,以遂其谋,欲使天下群黎复遭涂炭
  • “伪言荧惑,使朕不知外事”:潘世恩等保林则徐,伊屡言林则徐柔弱病躯,不堪录用,及朕派林则徐驰往粤西剿办土匪,穆彰阿又屡言林则徐未知能去否。/今年耆英于召对时数言及如何可畏,如何必应事周旋,欺朕不知其奸,欲常保禄位
  • “上乖天道,下逆人情”:前在广东时惟抑民以奉夷,罔顾国家,如进城之说,非明验乎?,,好在最后“赖我皇考烱悉其伪,速令来京”
    结果:著从宽革职,永不叙用,耆英虽无能已极,然究属迫于时势,亦著从宽降为五品顶带以六部员外郎候补

关键信息点

  • 道光三十年,十月二十八日,距离重新起用林则徐已经过了5个月
  • 咸丰说:穆彰阿曾经排斥达洪阿姚莹
  • 咸丰说:英人来天津,穆彰阿曾推荐耆英去
  • 咸丰说:潘世恩曾保林则徐,而穆彰阿与林则徐是政敌,所以一直诬告他
  • 咸丰说:自己曾经派林则徐到粤西剿办“土匪”
  • 咸丰说:穆彰阿在广东抑民奉夷,有“进城之说”,但很快被道光帝召回来了,按咸丰说法,是“道光发现了穆彰阿搞事情”
  • 咸丰说:两人的处置,穆彰阿 “从宽革职,永不叙用” ,耆英 “降为五品顶带以六部员外郎候补”,似乎是因为耆英是被迫的
  • 咸丰说:这事情已经“熟思审度,计之久矣,实不得已之苦衷”
  • 咸丰知道:穆彰阿在朝中门生很多,援引很多,理由是“毋得仍顾师生之谊,援引之恩,守正不阿,靖共尔位”

疑点存目

  • 为什么5个月之后才处理穆彰阿的事情呢?
  • 咸丰知晓穆彰阿门生很多,受其提拔也不少,所以这样做是否有新朝上任立威的隐含在其中呢?
  • 官府对于穆彰阿和耆英在处理“夷人”的问题上是何态度?
  • 道光帝遣回穆彰阿的真正原因是什么?

可考问题

  • 鸦片战争结果的朝廷看法问题?
  • 鸦片战争事件推进?
  • 穆彰阿与耆英的真实事迹与行动?
  • 林则徐的生平与事迹与行动(尤其晚年)?
  • 清代官职变动体系?
  • 咸丰初期对“洋人”的态度?
  • 咸丰帝与穆彰阿耆英、以及林则徐的关系问题?(到底蓄谋罢免他多久了)
  • 穆彰阿耆英一党之人物与其余势力?

解读

林则徐前此之被黜,世人皆谓系大学士穆彰阿之有意嫉贤,今咸丰帝既纳众议而决心复用则徐,则黜穆彰阿等乃为自然之结果。道光三十年十月二十八日,即五月初三日下颁起用林则徐.

咸丰帝此举,虽云为改变对外政策之张本,但其厌廷臣习于因循,乏匡济略之意,亦可于此谕中见之。盖帝当时实有意于外交内政之整肃,双管齐下大加振作也!但不二月,即咸丰元年正月,洪秀全已在广西大黄江自号太平王,分兵进占附近各州县;是年闰八月占领永安州城,即在彼处建立太平天国,自号天王,并分封其部下各有差。声势燎原,西南半壁均受其震动。帝筹划进兵事宜之不暇,遂未能再专注于外交及庶政之整肃矣!

——吴相湘 《晚清宫廷实纪》,北京:中国大百科全书出版社,2009.12,第2-3页

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🗺️每日外语

CET-6 2020.9 section C(1)测试2
CET-6 2020.9 section C(1)测试2
Metadata
xxx
CET-6 2020.9 section C(1)
1

^^^article

It is not controversial to say that an unhealthy diet causes bad health. Nor are the basic elements of healthy eating disputed. Obesity raises susceptibility to cancer, and Britain is the sixth most obese country on Earth. That is a public health emergency. But naming the problem is the easy part. No one disputes the costs in quality of life and depleted health budgets of an obese population, but the quest for solutions gets diverted by ideological arguments around responsibility and choice. And the water is muddied by lobbying from the industries that profit from consumption of obesity-inducing products.

Historical precedent suggests that science and politics can overcome resistance from businesses that pollute and poison but it takes time, and success often starts small. So it is heartening to note that a programme in Leeds has achieved a reduction in childhood obesity, becoming the first UK city to reverse a fattening trend. The best results were among younger children and in more deprived areas.When 28% of English children aged two to 15 are obese, a national shift on the scale achieved by Leeds would lengthen hundreds of thousands of lives. A significant factor in the Leeds experience appears to be a scheme called HENRY, which helps parents reward behaviours that prevent obesity in children.

Many members of parliament are uncomfortable even with their own government's anti-obesity strategy, since it involves a " sugar tax" and a ban on the sale of energy drinks to under-16 s. Bans and taxes can be blunt instruments, but their harshest critics can rarely suggest better methods. These critics just oppose regulation itself.

The relationship between poor health and inequality is too pronounced for governments to be passive about large-scale intervention. People living in the most deprived areas are four times more prone to die from avoidable causes than counterparts in more affluent places. As the structural nature of public health problems becomes harder to ignore, the complaint about overprotective government loses potency.

In fact, the polarised debate over public health interventions should have been abandoned long ago. Government action works when individuals are motivated to respond. Individuals need governments that expand access to good choices. The HENRY programme was delivered in part through children's centres. Closing such centres and cutting council budgets doesn't magically increase reserves of individual self-reliance. The function of a well-designed state intervention is not to deprive people of liberty but to build social capacity and infrastructure that helps people take responsibility for their well being. The obesity crisis will not have a solution devised by left or right ideology-but experience indicates that the private sector needs the incentive of regulation before it starts taking public health emergencies seriously.

^^^words

  • blunt : adj. 钝的,不锋利的;直言不讳的,说话生硬的
    v. 减弱;使不锋利,使变钝
  • council : n. 委员会,理事会;政务委员会,地方议会;会议;(教会的)集会
    adj. 地方政府廉租的
  • counterparts : n. (职位或作用)相当的人;相对应的事物;(法律文件)副本(counterpart 的复数)
  • depleted : adj. 不足的,减少的;人员不足的,人员减少的;耗尽的
    v. 耗尽……的资源;使减少,弄空;使精疲力竭(deplete 的过去式和过去分词)
  • deprived : adj. 贫困的,穷苦的,(物质上和文化上)严重匮乏的;(人)丧失的,被剥夺的
    v. 剥夺,使丧失;革职(尤指革除神职人员的职务)(deprive 的过去式和过去分词)
  • devised : v. 设计
  • disputed : adj. 有争议的
    v. 争论;激烈争辩(dispute 的过去分词)
  • heartening : adj. 鼓舞人心的,令人振奋的
  • ideological : adj. 思想体系的,意识形态的
  • incentive : n. 激励,刺激
  • intervention : n. 干预,介入;调停,斡旋;(为改善情况尤指病痛采取的)措施,做法
  • lobbying : adj. 游说
    v. 进行游说(lobby 的现在分词)
  • obesity : n. 过度肥胖,肥胖症
  • polarised : 使两极分化,使截然对立
  • potency : n. (人、行动或思想的)影响力,支配力;(男子的)性交能力;(药物等的)效力;(遗传)潜能;发育能力
  • precedent : n. 先例,前例;判例,实例;常规,惯例
    adj. 在先的,前面的
  • prone : adj. 有做……倾向的,易于……的;俯卧的,趴着的;(前臂姿势)手心向下的
    v. (尤指面部向下)使俯卧,趴着
    n. (Prone)(意、阿根、法、美、巴西)普罗内(人名)
  • pronounced : adj. 明显的,显著的;讲出来的
  • quest : n. <文>(长久或辛勤的)寻求,探求;(中世纪传奇故事中骑士的)探险
    v. <文>探寻,寻求
  • susceptibility : n. 易受影响(或伤害等)的特性;感情脆弱之处,情感的要害(susceptibilities);(物理)磁化率,电极化率
    [ 复数 susceptibilities ]

^^^notes

📁日总结

今日新学language learner插件的一些使用方法,不过尚未结合起来spaced repetition和自动补全的一些功能,可留之后完善
今日完成史学史考试,进入正式学习阶段
今日尚未完成学子家乡行的总结,需要尽快完成
本周结束, 本周完成三门考试, 明日起开始第二周学习安排, 课余时间详细阅读过《日本推理文学史》,简单再阅读过《奥地利史》《东晋门阀政治》《戊戌变法的另面》《近代的尺度》《成吉思汗与今日世界之形成》《儒家统治的时代:宋的转型》等书,读过部分《治学的门径与取法》与《吕思勉论学丛稿》,收获颇丰。
今日尝试导出于HTML,仅作测试
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