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aliases: 道光三十年十月二十八日 颁朱笔罪穆彰阿耆英
tags: [文献卡片/史料札记/中国近代史/道光朝/谕令]
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created: 2023年2月26日17时06分
modified: 2023年2月26日18时07分道光三十年十月二十八日,即五月初三日下颁起用林则徐上谕后之五月,帝朱谕在廷诸王大臣曰:
任贤去邪,诚人君之首务也!去邪不断,则任贤不专。方今天下因循废坠,可谓极矣!吏治日坏,人心日浇,是朕之过。然献替可否,匡朕不逮,则二三大臣之职也!穆彰阿身任大学士,受累朝知遇之恩,不思其难其慎,同德同心,乃保位贪荣,妨贤病国,小忠小信,阴柔以售其奸;伪学伪才,揣摩以逢主意。从前夷务之兴,穆彰阿倾排异己,深堪痛恨。如达洪阿姚莹之尽忠宣力,有碍于己,必欲陷之;耆英之无耻丧良,同恶相济,尽力全之;似此之固宠窃权者不可枚举。 我皇考大公至正,惟知以诚心待人,穆彰阿得以肆行无忌;若使圣明早烛其奸,则必立真重典,断不姑容,穆彰阿恃恩益纵,始终不悛,自本年正月朕亲政之初,遇事模棱,缄口不言;迨数月后则渐施其伎俩,如英船至天津,伊犹欲引耆英为腹心,以遂其谋,欲使天下群黎复遭涂炭,其心阴险,实不可问。潘世恩等保林则徐,伊屡言林则徐柔弱病躯,不堪录用,及朕派林则徐驰往粤西剿办土匪,穆彰阿又屡言林则徐未知能去否,伪言荧惑,使朕不知外事,其罪实在于此。 至若耆英之自外生成,畏葸无能,殊深诧异,伊前在广东时惟抑民以奉夷,罔顾国家,如进城之说,非明验乎?上乖天道,下逆人情,几至变生不测。赖我皇考烱悉其伪,速令来京;然不即予罢斥亦必有待也。今年耆英于召对时数言及如何可畏,如何必应事周旋,欺朕不知其奸,欲常保禄位;是其丧尽天良,愈辩愈彰,直同狂吠,尤不足惜,穆彰阿暗而难知,耆英显而易著。 然贻害国家,厥罪惟均。若不立中国法,何以肃纲纪而正人心?又何以使朕不负皇考付托之重欤?第念穆彰阿系三朝旧臣,若一旦寘之重法,朕心实有不忍;著从宽革职,永不叙用,耆英虽无能已极,然究属迫于时势,亦著从宽降为五品顶带以六部员外郎候补。 至伊二人行私罔上,乃天下所共见者,朕不为已甚,姑不深问办。此事朕熟思审度,计之久矣,实不得已之苦衷,尔诸臣其共凉之! 嗣后京内外大小文武各官,务当激发天良,公忠体国,俾平素因循巧取之积习,一旦悚然改悔。毋畏难毋苟安,凡有益于国计民生诸大端者,直陈勿隐,毋得仍顾师生之谊,援引之恩,守正不阿,靖共尔位。 朕实有厚望焉!布告中外。咸使知朕意。
——节自吴相湘 《晚清宫廷实纪》,北京:中国大百科全书出版社,2009.12,第2-3页
——《颁朱笔罪穆彰阿耆英》
《清实录》文宗朝第20卷有此段资料
王先谦与朱寿朋之《东华续录(咸丰朝)》,咸丰五也有记载
咸丰罢免了穆彰阿与耆英,理由是“保位贪荣,妨贤病国”
其它罪状:
林则徐前此之被黜,世人皆谓系大学士穆彰阿之有意嫉贤,今咸丰帝既纳众议而决心复用则徐,则黜穆彰阿等乃为自然之结果。道光三十年十月二十八日,即五月初三日下颁起用林则徐.
咸丰帝此举,虽云为改变对外政策之张本,但其厌廷臣习于因循,乏匡济略之意,亦可于此谕中见之。盖帝当时实有意于外交内政之整肃,双管齐下大加振作也!但不二月,即咸丰元年正月,洪秀全已在广西大黄江自号太平王,分兵进占附近各州县;是年闰八月占领永安州城,即在彼处建立太平天国,自号天王,并分封其部下各有差。声势燎原,西南半壁均受其震动。帝筹划进兵事宜之不暇,遂未能再专注于外交及庶政之整肃矣!
——吴相湘 《晚清宫廷实纪》,北京:中国大百科全书出版社,2009.12,第2-3页
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langer-origin: CET-6 2020.9 section C(1)
langr-pos: "1"^^^article
It is not controversial to say that an unhealthy diet causes bad health. Nor are the basic elements of healthy eating disputed. Obesity raises susceptibility to cancer, and Britain is the sixth most obese country on Earth. That is a public health emergency. But naming the problem is the easy part. No one disputes the costs in quality of life and depleted health budgets of an obese population, but the quest for solutions gets diverted by ideological arguments around responsibility and choice. And the water is muddied by lobbying from the industries that profit from consumption of obesity-inducing products.
Historical precedent suggests that science and politics can overcome resistance from businesses that pollute and poison but it takes time, and success often starts small. So it is heartening to note that a programme in Leeds has achieved a reduction in childhood obesity, becoming the first UK city to reverse a fattening trend. The best results were among younger children and in more deprived areas.When 28% of English children aged two to 15 are obese, a national shift on the scale achieved by Leeds would lengthen hundreds of thousands of lives. A significant factor in the Leeds experience appears to be a scheme called HENRY, which helps parents reward behaviours that prevent obesity in children.
Many members of parliament are uncomfortable even with their own government's anti-obesity strategy, since it involves a " sugar tax" and a ban on the sale of energy drinks to under-16 s. Bans and taxes can be blunt instruments, but their harshest critics can rarely suggest better methods. These critics just oppose regulation itself.
The relationship between poor health and inequality is too pronounced for governments to be passive about large-scale intervention. People living in the most deprived areas are four times more prone to die from avoidable causes than counterparts in more affluent places. As the structural nature of public health problems becomes harder to ignore, the complaint about overprotective government loses potency.
In fact, the polarised debate over public health interventions should have been abandoned long ago. Government action works when individuals are motivated to respond. Individuals need governments that expand access to good choices. The HENRY programme was delivered in part through children's centres. Closing such centres and cutting council budgets doesn't magically increase reserves of individual self-reliance. The function of a well-designed state intervention is not to deprive people of liberty but to build social capacity and infrastructure that helps people take responsibility for their well being. The obesity crisis will not have a solution devised by left or right ideology-but experience indicates that the private sector needs the incentive of regulation before it starts taking public health emergencies seriously.
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今日新学language learner插件的一些使用方法,不过尚未结合起来spaced repetition和自动补全的一些功能,可留之后完善
今日完成史学史考试,进入正式学习阶段
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本周结束, 本周完成三门考试, 明日起开始第二周学习安排, 课余时间详细阅读过《日本推理文学史》,简单再阅读过《奥地利史》《东晋门阀政治》《戊戌变法的另面》《近代的尺度》《成吉思汗与今日世界之形成》《儒家统治的时代:宋的转型》等书,读过部分《治学的门径与取法》与《吕思勉论学丛稿》,收获颇丰。
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